1. Plots Urineverlies Vrouw
2. Plots Urineverlies Hond
3. Plots Urineverlies Man

Your doctor tells you they want to do a urine culture.It’s a test to check for germs or bacteria in your pee that can cause a urinary tract infection. Your urinary tract includes the kidneys. De vreemdste geurontdekking die ik onlangs deed, was merken dat mijn thuis plots anders ruikt sinds ik er niet meer woon. Gewenning is op dat vlak een bijzonder vreemde evolutie. Ik kan me niet voorstellen dat ik ooit niet meer de drang zal voelen om erin te gaan rollen als de geur van vers gemaaid gras mijn neus prikkelt, of om mijn schoenen.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine characteristics
• Describe the characteristics of a normal urine sample, including normal range of pH, osmolarity, and volume

The urinary system’s ability to filter the blood resides in about 2 to 3 million tufts of specialized capillaries—the glomeruli—distributed more or less equally between the two kidneys. Because the glomeruli filter the blood based mostly on particle size, large elements like blood cells, platelets, antibodies, and albumen are excluded. The glomerulus is the first part of the nephron, which then continues as a highly specialized tubular structure responsible for creating the final urine composition. All other solutes, such as ions, amino acids, vitamins, and wastes, are filtered to create a filtrate composition very similar to plasma. The glomeruli create about 200 liters (189 quarts) of this filtrate every day, yet you excrete less than two liters of waste you call urine.

Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excreted from the body through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be cleared from the bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Purchase Urine Analysis - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. De voornaamste reden voor urineverlies bij mannen boven de 50 is de vergrote prostaat. Wij adviseren u als u last heeft van urineverlies om contact op te nemen met uw huisarts voor een juiste diagnose. Zodra u een redelijk idee heeft welke vorm van incontinentie u heeft kan u na gesprek met uw huisarts overgaan tot een behandelplan.

Characteristics of the urine change, depending on influences such as water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, nutrient intake, and other factors (See Table 1). Some of the characteristics such as color and odor are rough descriptors of your state of hydration. For example, if you exercise or work outside, and sweat a great deal, your urine will turn darker and produce a slight odor, even if you drink plenty of water. Athletes are often advised to consume water until their urine is clear. This is good advice; however, it takes time for the kidneys to process body fluids and store it in the bladder. Another way of looking at this is that the quality of the urine produced is an average over the time it takes to make that urine. Producing clear urine may take only a few minutes if you are drinking a lot of water or several hours if you are working outside and not drinking much.

Table 1. Normal Urine Characteristics

Characteristic	Normal values
Color	Pale yellow to deep amber
Odor	Odorless
Volume	750–2000 mL/24 hour
pH	4.5–8.0
Specific gravity	1.003–1.032
Osmolarity	40–1350 mOsmol/kg
Urobilinogen	0.2–1.0 mg/100 mL
White blood cells	0–2 HPF (per high-power field of microscope)
Leukocyte esterase	None
Protein	None or trace
Bilirubin	<0.3 mg/100 mL
Ketones	None
Nitrites	None
Blood	None
Glucose	None

Urinalysis (urine analysis) often provides clues to renal disease. Normally, only traces of protein are found in urine, and when higher amounts are found, damage to the glomeruli is the likely basis. Unusually large quantities of urine may point to diseases like diabetes mellitus or hypothalamic tumors that cause diabetes insipidus. The color of urine is determined mostly by the breakdown products of red blood cell destruction (Figure 1).

The “heme” of hemoglobin is converted by the liver into water-soluble forms that can be excreted into the bile and indirectly into the urine. This yellow pigment is urochrome. Urine color may also be affected by certain foods like beets, berries, and fava beans. A kidney stone or a cancer of the urinary system may produce sufficient bleeding to manifest as pink or even bright red urine. Diseases of the liver or obstructions of bile drainage from the liver impart a dark “tea” or “cola” hue to the urine. Dehydration produces darker, concentrated urine that may also possess the slight odor of ammonia. Most of the ammonia produced from protein breakdown is converted into urea by the liver, so ammonia is rarely detected in fresh urine. The strong ammonia odor you may detect in bathrooms or alleys is due to the breakdown of urea into ammonia by bacteria in the environment. About one in five people detect a distinctive odor in their urine after consuming asparagus; other foods such as onions, garlic, and fish can impart their own aromas! These food-caused odors are harmless.

Urine volume varies considerably. The normal range is one to two liters per day. The kidneys must produce a minimum urine volume of about 500 mL/day to rid the body of wastes. Output below this level may be caused by severe dehydration or renal disease and is termed oliguria. The virtual absence of urine production is termed anuria. Excessive urine production is polyuria, which may be due to diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. In diabetes mellitus, blood glucose levels exceed the number of available sodium-glucose transporters in the kidney, and glucose appears in the urine. The osmotic nature of glucose attracts water, leading to its loss in the urine. In the case of diabetes insipidus, insufficient pituitary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release or insufficient numbers of ADH receptors in the collecting ducts means that too few water channels are inserted into the cell membranes that line the collecting ducts of the kidney. Insufficient numbers of water channels (aquaporins) reduce water absorption, resulting in high volumes of very dilute urine.

Table 2. Urine Volumes

Volume condition	Volume	Causes
Normal	1–2 L/day
Polyuria	>2.5 L/day	Diabetes mellitus; diabetes insipidus; excess caffeine or alcohol; kidney disease; certain drugs, such as diuretics; sickle cell anemia; excessive water intake
Oliguria	300–500 mL/day	Dehydration; blood loss; diarrhea; cardiogenic shock; kidney disease; enlarged prostate
Anuria	<50 mL/day	Kidney failure; obstruction, such as kidney stone or tumor; enlarged prostate

The pH (hydrogen ion concentration) of the urine can vary more than 1000-fold, from a normal low of 4.5 to a maximum of 8.0. Diet can influence pH; meats lower the pH, whereas citrus fruits, vegetables, and dairy products raise the pH. Chronically high or low pH can lead to disorders, such as the development of kidney stones or osteomalacia.

Specific gravity is a measure of the quantity of solutes per unit volume of a solution and is traditionally easier to measure than osmolarity. Urine will always have a specific gravity greater than pure water (water = 1.0) due to the presence of solutes. Laboratories can now measure urine osmolarity directly, which is a more accurate indicator of urinary solutes than specific gravity. Remember that osmolarity is the number of osmoles or milliosmoles per liter of fluid (mOsmol/L). Urine osmolarity ranges from a low of 50–100 mOsmol/L to as high as 1200 mOsmol/L H₂O.

Cells are not normally found in the urine. The presence of leukocytes may indicate a urinary tract infection. Leukocyte esterase is released by leukocytes; if detected in the urine, it can be taken as indirect evidence of a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Protein does not normally leave the glomerular capillaries, so only trace amounts of protein should be found in the urine, approximately 10 mg/100 mL in a random sample. If excessive protein is detected in the urine, it usually means that the glomerulus is damaged and is allowing protein to “leak” into the filtrate.

Ketones are byproducts of fat metabolism. Finding ketones in the urine suggests that the body is using fat as an energy source in preference to glucose. In diabetes mellitus when there is not enough insulin (type I diabetes mellitus) or because of insulin resistance (type II diabetes mellitus), there is plenty of glucose, but without the action of insulin, the cells cannot take it up, so it remains in the bloodstream. Instead, the cells are forced to use fat as their energy source, and fat consumed at such a level produces excessive ketones as byproducts. These excess ketones will appear in the urine. Ketones may also appear if there is a severe deficiency of proteins or carbohydrates in the diet.

Nitrates (NO₃^–) occur normally in the urine. Gram-negative bacteria metabolize nitrate into nitrite (NO₂^–), and its presence in the urine is indirect evidence of infection.

There should be no blood found in the urine. It may sometimes appear in urine samples as a result of menstrual contamination, but this is not an abnormal condition. Now that you understand what the normal characteristics of urine are, the next section will introduce you to how you store and dispose of this waste product and how you make it.

Chapter Review

The kidney glomerulus filters blood mainly based on particle size to produce a filtrate lacking cells or large proteins. Most of the ions and molecules in the filtrate are needed by the body and must be reabsorbed farther down the nephron tubules, resulting in the formation of urine. Urine characteristics change depending on water intake, exercise, environmental temperature, and nutrient intake. Urinalysis analyzes characteristics of the urine and is used to diagnose diseases. A minimum of 400 to 500 mL urine must be produced daily to rid the body of wastes. Excessive quantities of urine may indicate diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus. The pH range of urine is 4.5 to 8.0, and is affected by diet. Osmolarity ranges from 50 to 1200 milliosmoles, and is a reflection of the amount of water being recovered or lost by renal nephrons.

Self Check

Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section.

Critical Thinking Questions

1. What is suggested by the presence of white blood cells found in the urine?
2. Both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus produce large urine volumes, but how would other characteristics of the urine differ between the two diseases?

Show Answers

1. The presence of white blood cells found in the urine suggests urinary tract infection.
2. Diabetes mellitus would result in urine containing glucose, and diabetes insipidus would produce urine with very low osmolarity (low specific gravity, dilute).

Glossary

Plots Urineverlies Vrouw

anuria: absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day

leukocyte esterase: enzyme produced by leukocytes that can be detected in the urine and that serves as an indirect indicator of urinary tract infection

oliguria: below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day

polyuria: urine production in excess of 2.5 L/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics

specific gravity: weight of a liquid compared to pure water, which has a specific gravity of 1.0; any solute added to water will increase its specific gravity

urinalysis: analysis of urine to diagnose disease

urochrome: heme-derived pigment that imparts the typical yellow color of urine

Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

urine

[u´rin] the fluid containing water and waste products that is secreted by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and discharged by way of the urethra.

u·rine

(yūr'in),

urine

(yo͝or′ĭn)n.

u·rine

(yūr'in)

urine

(ur'in) [Fr. urine, fr L. urina, urine] The fluid and dissolved solutes (including salts and nitrogen-containing waste products) that are eliminated from the body by the kidneys. See: tables

Composition

Urine consists of approx. 95% water and 5% solids. Solids amount to 30 to 70 g/L and include the following (values are in grams per 24 hr unless otherwise noted): Organic substances: urea (10 to 30), uric acid (0.8 to 1.0), creatine (10 to 40 mg/24 hr in men and 10 to 270 mg/24 hr in women), creatinine (15 to 25 mg/kg of body weight per day), ammonia (0.5 to 1.3). Inorganic substances: chlorides (110 to 250 nmol/L depending on chloride intake), calcium (0.1 to 0.2), magnesium (3 to 5 nmol/24 hr), phosphorus (0.4 to 1.3). Osmolarity: 0.1 to 2.5 mOsm/L.

In addition to the foregoing, many other substances may be present depending on the diet and state of health of the individual. Among component substances indicating pathological states are abnormal amounts of albumin, glucose, ketone bodies, blood, pus, casts, and bacteria. See: illustration

Plots Urineverlies Hond

block urine

Fractional urine.

double-voided urine

fractional urine

Synonym: block urine

residual urine

Synonym: postvoid residual

QUANTITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
1000–3000 ml/day	Varies with fluid intake, food consumed, exercise, temperature, kidney function
High (polyuria > 3000 ml/day)	Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, water intoxication, chronic nephritis, diuretic use
Low (oliguria)	Dehydration, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, urinary obstruction, or many intrinsic kidney diseases
None (anuria)	Same as oliguria
COLOR
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
Yellow to amber	Depends on concentration of urochrome pigment
Pale	Dilute urine, diuretic effect
Milky	Fat globules, pus, crystals
Red	Drugs, blood or muscle pigments
Green	Bile pigment (jaundiced patient)
Brown-black	Toxins, hemorrhage, drugs, metabolites
HEMATURIA (blood in urine)
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
0–2 RBC/high-powered field (hpf)	Normal (physiological) filtration
3 or more RBCs/hpf	Extrarenal: urinary tract infections, cancers, or stones. Renal: infections, trauma, malignancies, glomerulopathies, polycystic kidneys
PYURIA (leukocytes in urine)
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
0–9 leukocytes per hpf
10 or more leukocytes/hpf	Urinary tract infection, urethritis, vaginitis, urethral syndrome, pyelonephritis, and others
PROTEINURIA
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
10–150 mg/day
30–300 mg/day of albumin	Indicative of initial glomerular leakage in diabetes mellitus or hypertension (microalbuminuria)
> 300 mg/day	Macroalbuminuria. Indicative of progressive kidney failure. Injury to glomeruli or tubulointerstitium of kidney.
> 3500 mg/day	Nephrotic range proteinuria. Evaluation may include kidney biopsy.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
1.010–1.025	Varies with hydration
1.010 (Low)	Excessive fluid intake, impaired kidney concentrating ability
> 1.025 (High)	Dehydration, hemorrhage, salt-wasting, diabetes mellitus, and others
ACIDITY
Normal	Abnormal	Significance
Acid (slight)	Diet of acid-forming foods (meats, eggs, prunes, wheat) overbalances the base-forming foods (vegetables and fruits)
High acidity	Acidosis, diabetes mellitus, many pathological disorders (fevers, starvation)
Alkaline	Vegetarian diet changes urea into ammonium carbonate; infection or ingestion of alkaline compounds

Anuria	Complete (or nearly complete) absence of urination
Diversion	Drainage of urine through a surgically constructed passage (e.g., a ureterostomy or ileal conduit)
Dysuria	Painful or difficult urination (e.g., in urethritis, urethral stricture, urinary tract infection, prostatic hyperplasia, or bladder atony)
Enuresis	Involuntary discharge of urine, esp. by children at night (bedwetting)
Incontinence	Loss of control over urination from any cause (e.g., from involuntary relaxation of urinary sphincter muscles or overflow from a full or paralyzed bladder)
Nocturia	Excessive urination at night
Oliguria	Decreased urinary output (usually less than 500 ml/day), often associated with dehydration, shock, hemorrhage, acute renal failure, or other conditions in which renal perfusion or renal output are impaired
Polyuria	Increased urinary output (usually more than 3000 ml/day), such as occurs in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and diuresis

urine

The fluid excretion of the kidneys, a solution in water of organic and inorganic substances, most of which are waste products of METABOLISM. Normal urine is clear, of varying colour, of specific gravity between 1.017 and 1.020 and slightly acid. It contains UREA, URIC ACID, creatinine, ammonia, sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, phosphates and sulphates.

urine

an aqueous solution of organic and inorganic substances, that is the waste product of METABOLISM. In mammals, elasmobranch fishes, amphibia, tortoises and turtles, nitrogen is excreted in the form of UREA which in humans forms 2% of the urine on average.

Urine

u·rine

(yūr'in)

Patient discussion about urine

Q. protien in urine what are the causes and preventions

Q. How you stop urinating frequently? I don't have any conditions that make me urinate often. I simply drink lots of water... Is there some trick I can employ so that I can still drink lots of water but not have to go to the bathroom so frequently?

Plots Urineverlies Man

Q. Today doctor removed my stunt of kidney. It inflamate while urination.. till How long i will feel like this?

More discussions about urine
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